Business Models and Financials

Understanding different business models

This guide provides an overview of various business models, their primary metrics, and key takeaways, helping you align your strategy with the right financial and operational benchmarks to ensure sustainable growth and long-term success

Whether you’re developing a SaaS product, launching a marketplace, or entering the complex world of hardtech, knowing how to measure and drive key metrics can make or break your venture.

SaaS (Software as a Service)
SaaS companies offer cloud-based software through subscriptions, often sold to businesses on annual contracts. Key metrics include Monthly/Annual Recurring Revenue (MRR/ARR), Growth Rate, Net Revenue Retention, and Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC). The main advantage is recurring revenue, which provides a stable income stream, though non-recurring revenue should not be included in MRR/ARR calculations.
Transactional
Transactional businesses, common in fintech and payments, facilitate one-time transactions and take a percentage fee. Important metrics are Gross Transaction Value (GTV), Net Revenue, User Retention, and CAC. These businesses thrive on high volume and consistent revenue from repeat users, with low fees typically around 1-3%.
Marketplaces
Marketplaces connect buyers and sellers, earning revenue through transaction fees. Key metrics include Gross Merchandise Value (GMV), Net Revenue, Growth Rate, and User Retention. They face challenges in scaling supply and demand simultaneously but can achieve exponential growth and dominance through network effects.
Subscription
Subscription models involve selling products or services on a recurring basis, usually to consumers. Primary metrics are MRR/ARR, Growth Rate, User Retention, and CAC. Recurring revenue is highly valuable, with growth driven by scalable acquisition channels, often at lower price points.
Enterprise
Enterprise businesses sell large fixed-term contracts to big companies, typically with deals exceeding $100k/year. Important metrics include Bookings, Revenue, Annual Contract Value (ACV), and Pipeline progression. Growth relies on direct sales, often starting with paid pilots, with long sales cycles and multiple decision-makers involved.
Usage-Based
In usage-based models, customers pay based on consumption (e.g., API requests, data usage). Key metrics are Monthly Revenue, Growth Rate, Revenue Retention, and Gross Margin. This model scales as customers grow, though it's important not to confuse usage-based revenue with recurring revenue.
E-commerce
E-commerce businesses sell products online, with metrics including Monthly Revenue, Growth Rate, Gross Margin, and CAC. They often face challenges with high Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) and commoditization, requiring strong user acquisition and efficient operations.
Advertising
Advertising-based models monetize free users through ads, with critical metrics like Daily Active Users (DAU), Monthly Active Users (MAU), User Retention, and CPM/CPC. These models typically involve consumer social products requiring massive scale, with users being the product sold to advertisers.
Hardtech/Bio/Moonshots
These are high-risk, long-term ventures with significant technical challenges. Key metrics include progress milestones, signed contracts, and Letters of Intent (LOIs). These businesses often take years to reach a live product, with revenue far in the future, making early customer interest and technical validation crucial.

Frequently asked questions

Identify the business model that best fits your product, then outline clear actions to enhance key metrics, such as refining your pricing strategy or optimizing your sales funnel.

Assess your current growth tactics and make targeted adjustments to ensure they effectively drive the metrics critical to your business model’s success, like improving your customer onboarding process or expanding marketing efforts.

A business model represents how a company will deliver value to its customers and users. To choose the right model, you need to deeply understand your target customers, the problem you’re solving for them, and how your solution fits into their lives. Consider how they currently solve the problem, what they’re willing to pay, and their willingness to switch to your solution. Start small: Test different approaches with real customers, and iterate as you learn. Some common business models include: Subscription (e.g., Netflix), marketplace (e.g., Airbnb), freemium (e.g., Spotify), direct sales (e.g., Warby Parker), licensing (e.g., Microsoft), and ads-based models (e.g., Youtube).

Implement or improve your data tracking systems, and establish regular review processes to act quickly on insights from these metrics, such as optimizing customer acquisition costs or enhancing user retention strategies.

You will need a business entity (See: “How do I register my business”) to open a business bank account. A business bank account is useful when you have cashflow coming in and out of your business, such as sales transactions or you have a loan or an investment.

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A startup can be considered ready to fundraise when it has demonstrated a clear problem-solution fit, validated market demand, and established early traction through metrics such as revenue, user growth, or key partnerships (with letters of intent or signed contracts). The team should have a strong track record, critical roles filled (or a plan to do this), and a strategic vision to scale. An investor deck that shows your traction (with milestone wins), impressive KPIs for your industry, and a plan for where you’re going and how you’re getting there are critical. Your financial projections should be based on early traction and data and market benchmarks. Be ready to justify why you need the money to scale and include a use-of-funds tied to key milestones.
*NOTE: Fundraising is never the end goal! The goal is to grow, so funding is simply one of the vehicles to get to growth. Also note that not every business needs venture capital funding. Bootstrapping and taking out business loans or applying for grants are a great way to finance your business without giving up equity and control.

More Resources

Sequoia Business Plan Template
Framework for building financial models and business plans
Foresight’s Startup Financial Model Templates
Ready-to-use financial models for startups
Dollar Cave Club Financial Model
Ready-to-use financial models for startups
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